Ruby Examples > Numbers 

#---Numbers---

Ruby provides robust support for working with numbers.

It can help with your numeric needs whether you make big integer amounts of fiat money or discrete fractional representations of crypto money. It doesn’t judge you.

Arithmetic operations
  • Add with +
  • Subtract with -
  • Divide with /
  • Multiply with *
  • Modulo with %
 
p (11 + 2 - 3 * 4/5) % 6 # => 5
  • Exponentiate with **
 
p "5^3 is #{5**3}" # => "5^3 is 125"

Note: The carat symbol ^ is used in Mathematics for exponentiation. But in Ruby we use it for bitwise XOR. For exponentiation, use **.

 
p "bitwise 5^3 is #{5^3}"
## => "bitwise 5^3 is 6"

The BigDecimal class

If you need accurate floating point arithmetic, you should use the standard library’s BigDecimal instead of Float.

 
p (4.3 - 4.1) == 0.2 # => false
require 'bigdecimal'
p (BigDecimal('4.3') - BigDecimal('4.1')) \
  == BigDecimal('0.2') # true

Converting between one type to the other

With to_i and to_f methods, easily convert between number types.

 
p 1/2 # => 0
p 1/(2.to_f) # => 0.5

But normally you don’t even have to do that. Ruby will infer the type based on the value.

 
p 84/2 # => 42 (Integer)
p 84.0/2 # => 42.0 (Float)

These are even available on strings!

 
p '3'.to_i # => 3
p '3.9'.to_i # => 3
p '3.9'.to_f # => 3.9

But be careful. Don’t trust these blindly.

 
p 'asdf3'.to_i # => 0
p '3asdf'.to_i # => 3
p '3.456asdf'.to_f # => 3.456

Use to_s to convert any numeric type to string.

 
p 1_000_000.to_s # => "1000000"

Comparing numbers

All number types are Numeric. And all numeric types include the Comparable module which gives the objects of these types the ability to compare. Comparison methods this module gives are:
  • equals to ==
  • less than <
  • greater than >
  • less than or equal to <=
  • greater than or equal to >=
 
p 5 > 4.3 # => true

It also gives the between? and clamp methods which are neat. Can be used to set min, max limits.

 
p 5.between?(2, 10) # => true
p 42.clamp(1, 100) # => 42
p 101.clamp(1, 100) # => 100
p 0.clamp(1, 100) # => 1

Common methods

Besides the above three, there are other methods such as abs, floor, ceil, round, divmod, next pred etc. There’s even a gcd.

 
p -34.abs # => 34
p 34.93.floor # => 34
p 34.16.ceil # => 35
p 34.16.round # => 34
p 47.divmod(42) # => [1, 5]
p 100.next # => 101
p 100.pred # => 99
p 500.gcd(1000) # => 500

And also predicate methods like zero?, nonzero?, positive?, negative?, integer?, finite?, infinite?, odd?, even? etc.

 
p 0.zero? # => true
p 5.even? # => false
p 5.odd? # => true
p 5.positive? # => true
p -5.negative? # => true
p Float::INFINITY.finite? # => false

Infinity

The constants Float::INFINITY and -Float::INFINITY are used to represent the two ends of the extremes.

 
p 1_000_000 < Float::INFINITY # => true
p -Float::INFINITY < -1_000_000 # => true
p (1/0) rescue nil
## => 💥 blows up with: `ZeroDivisionError` error without
## `rescue nil`
p (1/0.0) # => Infinity

They’re also used in endless ranges.

 
p (1..4).count # => 4
p (1..).count # => Infinity

The Classes

Numeric is the parent class from which all these other number-related classes inherit from.
  • Integer
 
p 1.class # => Integer
  • Float
 
p (3.14).class # => Float
  • Rational
 
p (1/3r).class # => Rational
  • Complex
 
p (1 + 2i).class # => Complex

Let’s explore the object/class hierarchy of numbers a bit:

 
p 2.is_a?(Integer) # => true
p 2.is_a?(Numeric) # => true
p 2.is_a?(Comparable) # => true
p 2.is_a?(Float) # => false
p 3.14.class.ancestors
##=>[Float, JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Float,
## Numeric, Comparable, Object,
## JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Object,
## PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]

Before Ruby 2.4, the integers were represented using these 2 Integer sub-classes: Fixnum and Bignum.
But 2.4 got rid of them. Good riddance. Just use Integer and Float now.

Method or Operator?

Since the number values are ruby objects, all the functionalities are available as methods on them instead of functions or operators like in most other languages.

The ability to call them without a dot and paranthesis is just a Ruby syntax sugar to make it seem elegant like operators.

 
p (11 + 5) == 11.+(5) # => true
p (11 <= 12) == 11.<=(12) # => true

Official docs

Next topic: Strings .

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