Ruby Examples > Procs and Lambdas 

#---Procs and Lambdas---

Procs and Lambdas are similar to blocks in that they too are anonymous functions.

But Blocks have Limitations
  • They can’t be assigned to a variable
  • You can only pass at most one block to a function
  • They can’t be returned from a function
  • They can’t be passed to another proc/function
  • They are not objects

Which is why we have procs and lambdas. They are proper object representations of a ruby block.

Creating a Proc

Here’s how you create a block that’s a proc:

 
one_adder = proc { |x| x + 1 }
p one_adder # #<Proc:0x000000011bd93408 sample2.rb:8>

And here’s how you’ll call this proc that’s assigned to a variable:

 
p one_adder.call(41) # => 42

You can also call it in these other shorthand ways:

 
p one_adder.(41) # => 42
p one_adder[41] # => 42

Creating a Lambda

Here’s how you create a block that’s a lambda:

 
perimeter = lambda { |l, b| 2 * (l + b) }
p perimeter
## #<Proc:0x000000011deb32a0 sample2.rb:11 (lambda)>
p perimeter.(3, 6) # => 18

The words proc and lambda in the examples above are not ruby keywords. They are methods in the Kernel module.

You can use the “stabby lambda” syntax ->() {} to create a lambda concisely:

 
perimeter = ->(l, b) { 2 * (l + b) }
p perimeter.(3, 6) # => 18

Converting a Block to a Proc

When a function is passed a block, and if that block needs to be passed as argument to yet another function, then you’ll have to convert the passed in block to a proc.

That’s done by capturing the block in a variable prefixed with & in the function’s signature.

Function block_to_proc has no intention of calling the passed in block for its result.

Instead it just wants to pass it as an argument to another function truth_teller.

So it converts the block to a proc and puts it into a variable a_proc_from_a_block with this syntax: &a_proc_from_a_block

 
def block_to_proc(name, &a_proc_from_a_block)
  hi = truth_teller(a_proc_from_a_block)
  "block_to_proc says to #{name}: #{hi}"
end
 
def truth_teller(a_proc)
  "#{a_proc.call('Dwayne')}, U can't act"
end
 
res = block_to_proc('The Rock') do |name|
  "hello #{name}"
end
 
p res
## "block_to_proc says to The Rock: Dwayne, U can't act"

Converting a Proc to a Block

Let’s say the truth_teller above is re-defined to work with a block instead of a proc, like so:

 
def truth_teller
  "#{yield('Dwayne')}, U can't act"
end

Then, in block_to_proc, you’ll have to convert the proc back to block before passing it to truth_teller using the same & syntax quirk:

 
def block_to_proc(name, &a_proc_from_a_block)
  hi = truth_teller(&a_proc_from_a_block)
  "block_to_proc says to #{name}: #{hi}"
end

Procs vs Lambdas

Procs and Lambdas differ in how they treat the arguments and the keywords return and break.

For the most part, you don’t have to worry about this. Just stick with lambdas if you don’t want to be caught by any surprises.

You can use the lambda? method to find out if a block is a proc or a lambda:

 
p proc { 'hi' }.lambda? # => false
p -> { 'hi' }.lambda? # => true

Creating an Anon Function with a Symbol

You can create a specific kind of anonymous function with the to_proc method on a symbol.

Example:

 
to_s_fn = :to_s.to_proc
p to_s_fn
## => #<Proc:0x000000012889dba8(&:to_s) (lambda)>

(Yes it’s weird that you’re creating a lambda with a method called to_proc.)

And the lambda created like this always takes an argument. So you can call it like this:

 
p to_s_fn.call(123) # => "123"

The result of calling this lambda is the result of calling to_s on the supplied argument 123. The lambda just does this: 123.to_s

Which means, :to_s.proc is just a shortcut for this:

 
->(x) { x.to_s }

More examples:

 
even_fn = :even?.to_proc
p even_fn.call(123) # => false
## Same as `123.even?`
 
upcase_fn = :upcase.to_proc
p upcase_fn.call('ruby examples') # => "RUBY EXAMPLES"

How to_proc Works

What’s the purpose of this? Why do we need this?

In Ruby, there’s a common pattern where you iterate over an array of items, and then call a specific method on that item.

Like this:

 
a1 = [11, 22, 33]
a2 = ['harry', 'ron']
 
p a1.map { |e| e.to_s }
p a1.find_all { |e| e.even? }
p a2.map { |e| e.upcase }

This pattern is so common that Ruby provides a way to shorthand this:

 
p a1.map(&:to_s) # => ["11", "22", "33"]
p a1.find_all(&:even?) # => [22]
p a2.map(&:upcase) # => ["HARRY", "RON"]

The way this works syntactically is, when you prefix any Ruby thing with &, ruby does specific things:
  • prefixing it to a proc, converts it to a block
  • prefixing it to a block, converts it to a proc
  • And, case in point, prefixing it to a symbol, converts it to the specific kind of lambda discussed above, by implicitly calling the to_proc method on the symbol.
  • Official Docs: Procs
  • Check this section from Proc’s official docs for lambda vs non-lambda differences
  • Programming with Nothing is a great talk where Tom does the FizzBuzz challenge with nothing but procs and lambdas.

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